Authors:
(1) Xian Liu, Snap Inc., CUHK with Work done during an internship at Snap Inc.;
(2) Jian Ren, Snap Inc. with Corresponding author: [email protected];
(3) Aliaksandr Siarohin, Snap Inc.;
(4) Ivan Skorokhodov, Snap Inc.;
(5) Yanyu Li, Snap Inc.;
(6) Dahua Lin, CUHK;
(7) Xihui Liu, HKU;
(8) Ziwei Liu, NTU;
(9) Sergey Tulyakov, Snap Inc.
Table of Links
Abstract and 1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Our Approach and 3.1 Preliminaries and Problem Setting
3.2 Latent Structural Diffusion Model
3.3 Structure-Guided Refiner
4 Human Verse Dataset
5 Experiments
5.1 Main Results
5.2 Ablation Study
6 Discussion and References
A Appendix and A.1 Additional Quantitative Results
A.2 More Implementation Details and A.3 More Ablation Study Results
A.4 More User Study Details
A.5 Impact of Random Seed and Model Robustness and A.6 Boarder Impact and Ethical Consideration
A.7 More Comparison Results and A.8 Additional Qualitative Results
A.9 Licenses
6 DISCUSSION
Conclusion. In this paper, we propose a novel framework HyperHuman to generate in-the-wild human images of high quality. To enforce the joint learning of image appearance, spatial relationship, and geometry in a unified network, we propose Latent Structural Diffusion Model that simultaneously denoises the depth and normal along with RGB. Then we devise Structure-Guided Refiner to compose the predicted conditions for detailed generation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework yields superior performance, generating realistic humans under diverse scenarios.
Limitation and Future Work. As an early attempt in human generation foundation model, our approach creates controllable human of high realism. However, due to the limited performance of existing pose/depth/normal estimators for in-the-wild humans, we find it sometimes fails to generate subtle details like finger and eyes. Besides, the current pipeline still requires body skeleton as input, where deep priors like LLMs can be explored to achieve text-to-pose generation in future work.
REFERENCES
Yogesh Balaji, Seungjun Nah, Xun Huang, Arash Vahdat, Jiaming Song, Karsten Kreis, Miika Aittala, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, Bryan Catanzaro, et al. ediffi: Text-to-image diffusion models with an ensemble of expert denoisers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.01324, 2022. 3
Fan Bao, Shen Nie, Kaiwen Xue, Chongxuan Li, Shi Pu, Yaole Wang, Gang Yue, Yue Cao, Hang Su, and Jun Zhu. One transformer fits all distributions in multi-modal diffusion at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.06555, 2023. 6
Mikołaj Binkowski, Danica J Sutherland, Michael Arbel, and Arthur Gretton. Demystifying mmd ´ gans. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.01401, 2018. 14
Minwoo Byeon, Beomhee Park, Haecheon Kim, Sungjun Lee, Woonhyuk Baek, and Saehoon Kim. Coyo-700m: Image-text pair dataset. https://github.com/kakaobrain/ coyo-dataset, 2022. 7, 19
MMPose Contributors. Openmmlab pose estimation toolbox and benchmark. https://github. com/open-mmlab/mmpose, 2020. 7, 19
DeepFloyd. Deepfloyd if. Github Repository, 2023. URL https://github.com/ deep-floyd/IF. 8, 18
Kangle Deng, Andrew Liu, Jun-Yan Zhu, and Deva Ramanan. Depth-supervised nerf: Fewer views and faster training for free. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 12882–12891, 2022. 5
Prafulla Dhariwal and Alexander Nichol. Diffusion models beat gans on image synthesis. Advances in neural information processing systems, 34:8780–8794, 2021. 1, 3
Ainaz Eftekhar, Alexander Sax, Jitendra Malik, and Amir Zamir. Omnidata: A scalable pipeline for making multi-task mid-level vision datasets from 3d scans. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 10786–10796, 2021. 7, 19
Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach, and Bjorn Ommer. Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 12873–12883, 2021. 4
Yuxin Fang, Bencheng Liao, Xinggang Wang, Jiemin Fang, Jiyang Qi, Rui Wu, Jianwei Niu, and Wenyu Liu. You only look at one sequence: Rethinking transformer in vision through object detection. CoRR, abs/2106.00666, 2021. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00666. 7, 19
Jianglin Fu, Shikai Li, Yuming Jiang, Kwan-Yee Lin, Chen Qian, Chen Change Loy, Wayne Wu, and Ziwei Liu. Stylegan-human: A data-centric odyssey of human generation. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1–19. Springer, 2022. 4
Ke Gong, Xiaodan Liang, Dongyu Zhang, Xiaohui Shen, and Liang Lin. Look into person: Selfsupervised structure-sensitive learning and a new benchmark for human parsing. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 932–940, 2017. 4
Jiaxian Guo, Junnan Li, Dongxu Li, Anthony Tiong, Boyang Li, Dacheng Tao, and Steven HOI. From images to textual prompts: Zero-shot VQA with frozen large language models, 2023. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=Ck1UtnVukP8. 19
Xintong Han, Zuxuan Wu, Zhe Wu, Ruichi Yu, and Larry S Davis. Viton: An image-based virtual try-on network. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 7543–7552, 2018. 4
Martin Heusel, Hubert Ramsauer, Thomas Unterthiner, Bernhard Nessler, and Sepp Hochreiter. Gans trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local nash equilibrium. Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017. 14
Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain, and Pieter Abbeel. Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:6840–6851, 2020. 1, 3, 4, 5
Lianghua Huang, Di Chen, Yu Liu, Yujun Shen, Deli Zhao, and Jingren Zhou. Composer: Creative and controllable image synthesis with composable conditions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09778, 2023. 6
Yuming Jiang, Shuai Yang, Haonan Qiu, Wayne Wu, Chen Change Loy, and Ziwei Liu. Text2human: Text-driven controllable human image generation. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 41(4):1–11, 2022. 1, 3
Yuming Jiang, Shuai Yang, Tong Liang Koh, Wayne Wu, Chen Change Loy, and Ziwei Liu. Text2performer: Text-driven human video generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.08483, 2023. 7
Xuan Ju, Ailing Zeng, Jianan Wang, Qiang Xu, and Lei Zhang. Human-art: A versatile humancentric dataset bridging natural and artificial scenes. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 618–629, 2023a. 4
Xuan Ju, Ailing Zeng, Chenchen Zhao, Jianan Wang, Lei Zhang, and Qiang Xu. Humansd: A native skeleton-guided diffusion model for human image generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.04269, 2023b. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 18
Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. In Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun (eds.), 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings, 2015. URL http: //arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980. 8
Yuval Kirstain, Adam Polyak, Uriel Singer, Shahbuland Matiana, Joe Penna, and Omer Levy. Pick-a-pic: An open dataset of user preferences for text-to-image generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.01569, 2023. 14
Yanyu Li, Huan Wang, Qing Jin, Ju Hu, Pavlo Chemerys, Yun Fu, Yanzhi Wang, Sergey Tulyakov, and Jian Ren. Snapfusion: Text-to-image diffusion model on mobile devices within two seconds. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.00980, 2023. 3
Shanchuan Lin, Bingchen Liu, Jiashi Li, and Xiao Yang. Common diffusion noise schedules and sample steps are flawed. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.08891, 2023. 5, 6
Tsung-Yi Lin, Michael Maire, Serge Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Dollar, and C Lawrence Zitnick. Microsoft coco: Common objects in context. In ´ Computer Vision–ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part V 13, pp. 740–755. Springer, 2014. 7, 19
Wen Liu, Zhixin Piao, Jie Min, Wenhan Luo, Lin Ma, and Shenghua Gao. Liquid warping gan: A unified framework for human motion imitation, appearance transfer and novel view synthesis. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 5904–5913, 2019. 1
Xian Liu, Qianyi Wu, Hang Zhou, Yinghao Xu, Rui Qian, Xinyi Lin, Xiaowei Zhou, Wayne Wu, Bo Dai, and Bolei Zhou. Learning hierarchical cross-modal association for co-speech gesture generation. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 10462–10472, 2022a. 17
Xian Liu, Yinghao Xu, Qianyi Wu, Hang Zhou, Wayne Wu, and Bolei Zhou. Semantic-aware implicit neural audio-driven video portrait generation. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 106–125. Springer, 2022b. 17
Ziwei Liu, Ping Luo, Shi Qiu, Xiaogang Wang, and Xiaoou Tang. Deepfashion: Powering robust clothes recognition and retrieval with rich annotations. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1096–1104, 2016. 4, 7
Chong Mou, Xintao Wang, Liangbin Xie, Jian Zhang, Zhongang Qi, Ying Shan, and Xiaohu Qie. T2i-adapter: Learning adapters to dig out more controllable ability for text-to-image diffusion models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.08453, 2023. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18
Alex Nichol, Prafulla Dhariwal, Aditya Ramesh, Pranav Shyam, Pamela Mishkin, Bob McGrew, Ilya Sutskever, and Mark Chen. Glide: Towards photorealistic image generation and editing with text-guided diffusion models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.10741, 2021. 3, 14
Gaurav Parmar, Richard Zhang, and Jun-Yan Zhu. On aliased resizing and surprising subtleties in gan evaluation. In CVPR, 2022. 19
Dustin Podell, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Jonas Muller, Joe ¨ Penna, and Robin Rombach. Sdxl: Improving latent diffusion models for high-resolution image synthesis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01952, 2023. 5, 7, 8, 16, 18, 19
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International conference on machine learning, pp. 8748–8763. PMLR, 2021. 14, 16, 19
Aditya Ramesh, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alex Nichol, Casey Chu, and Mark Chen. Hierarchical textconditional image generation with clip latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.06125, 1(2):3, 2022. 1, 3
Rene Ranftl, Katrin Lasinger, David Hafner, Konrad Schindler, and Vladlen Koltun. Towards robust ´ monocular depth estimation: Mixing datasets for zero-shot cross-dataset transfer. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 44(3), 2022. 7, 19
Yurui Ren, Xiaoming Yu, Junming Chen, Thomas H Li, and Ge Li. Deep image spatial transformation for person image generation. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 7690–7699, 2020. 1, 3
Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, and Bjorn Ommer. High- ¨ resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 10684–10695, June 2022. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 18, 19
Olaf Ronneberger, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention– MICCAI 2015: 18th International Conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, Proceedings, Part III 18, pp. 234–241. Springer, 2015. 4
Prasun Roy, Subhankar Ghosh, Saumik Bhattacharya, Umapada Pal, and Michael Blumenstein. Tips: Text-induced pose synthesis. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 161–178. Springer, 2022. 3
Chitwan Saharia, William Chan, Saurabh Saxena, Lala Li, Jay Whang, Emily L Denton, Kamyar Ghasemipour, Raphael Gontijo Lopes, Burcu Karagol Ayan, Tim Salimans, et al. Photorealistic text-to-image diffusion models with deep language understanding. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:36479–36494, 2022. 3, 14
Tim Salimans and Jonathan Ho. Progressive distillation for fast sampling of diffusion models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.00512, 2022. 6, 8
Christoph Schuhmann, Romain Beaumont, Richard Vencu, Cade Gordon, Ross Wightman, Mehdi Cherti, Theo Coombes, Aarush Katta, Clayton Mullis, Mitchell Wortsman, et al. Laion-5b: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:25278–25294, 2022. 7, 19
Aliaksandr Siarohin, Stephane Lathuili ´ ere, Enver Sangineto, and Nicu Sebe. Appearance and pose- ` conditioned human image generation using deformable gans. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 43(4):1156–1171, 2019. 1, 3
Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Eric Weiss, Niru Maheswaranathan, and Surya Ganguli. Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In Francis Bach and David Blei (eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning, volume 37 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, pp. 2256–2265, Lille, France, 07–09 Jul 2015. PMLR. URL https://proceedings.mlr.press/v37/sohl-dickstein15.html. 4
Jiaming Song, Chenlin Meng, and Stefano Ermon. Denoising diffusion implicit models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.02502, 2020a. 7
Yang Song, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Diederik P Kingma, Abhishek Kumar, Stefano Ermon, and Ben Poole. Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.13456, 2020b. 4
Patrick von Platen, Suraj Patil, Anton Lozhkov, Pedro Cuenca, Nathan Lambert, Kashif Rasul, Mishig Davaadorj, and Thomas Wolf. Diffusers: State-of-the-art diffusion models. https: //github.com/huggingface/diffusers, 2022. 8, 19
Bochao Wang, Huabin Zheng, Xiaodan Liang, Yimin Chen, Liang Lin, and Meng Yang. Toward characteristic-preserving image-based virtual try-on network. In Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp. 589–604, 2018. 1
Jiepeng Wang, Peng Wang, Xiaoxiao Long, Christian Theobalt, Taku Komura, Lingjie Liu, and Wenping Wang. Neuris: Neural reconstruction of indoor scenes using normal priors. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 139–155. Springer, 2022. 5
Qianyi Wu, Xian Liu, Yuedong Chen, Kejie Li, Chuanxia Zheng, Jianfei Cai, and Jianmin Zheng. Object-compositional neural implicit surfaces. In European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 197–213. Springer, 2022. 7
Xiaoshi Wu, Yiming Hao, Keqiang Sun, Yixiong Chen, Feng Zhu, Rui Zhao, and Hongsheng Li. Human preference score v2: A solid benchmark for evaluating human preferences of text-toimage synthesis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.09341, 2023. 14
Yufei Xu, Jing Zhang, Qiming Zhang, and Dacheng Tao. Vitpose: Simple vision transformer baselines for human pose estimation. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:38571– 38584, 2022. 7, 19
Lingbo Yang, Pan Wang, Chang Liu, Zhanning Gao, Peiran Ren, Xinfeng Zhang, Shanshe Wang, Siwei Ma, Xiansheng Hua, and Wen Gao. Towards fine-grained human pose transfer with detail replenishing network. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 30:2422–2435, 2021. 3
Jiahui Yu, Yuanzhong Xu, Jing Yu Koh, Thang Luong, Gunjan Baid, Zirui Wang, Vijay Vasudevan, Alexander Ku, Yinfei Yang, Burcu Karagol Ayan, et al. Scaling autoregressive models for contentrich text-to-image generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.10789, 2(3):5, 2022a. 7
Zehao Yu, Songyou Peng, Michael Niemeyer, Torsten Sattler, and Andreas Geiger. Monosdf: Exploring monocular geometric cues for neural implicit surface reconstruction. Advances in neural information processing systems, 35:25018–25032, 2022b. 5
Lvmin Zhang and Maneesh Agrawala. Adding conditional control to text-to-image diffusion models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.05543, 2023. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18
Pengze Zhang, Lingxiao Yang, Jian-Huang Lai, and Xiaohua Xie. Exploring dual-task correlation for pose guided person image generation. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 7713–7722, 2022. 1
Liang Zheng, Liyue Shen, Lu Tian, Shengjin Wang, Jingdong Wang, and Qi Tian. Scalable person re-identification: A benchmark. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp. 1116–1124, 2015. 4
Shizhan Zhu, Raquel Urtasun, Sanja Fidler, Dahua Lin, and Chen Change Loy. Be your own prada: Fashion synthesis with structural coherence. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp. 1680–1688, 2017. 3