Table of Links
Abstract and 1. Introduction
-
Background
2.1 Rollup
2.2 EIP-4844
2.3 VAR(Vector Autoregression)
-
Data
3.1 Consensus security data
3.2 Ethereum usage data
3.3 Rollup Transactions Data
3.4 Blob gas fee data
-
Empirical Results
4.1 Consensus security
4.2 Ethereum usage
4.3 Rollup transactions
4.4 Blob gas fee market
-
Conclusion and References
A. Consensus Security Data
B. Rollup Data Collection
C. Detailed Var Model Results for Blob Gas Base Fee and Gas Fee
D. Detailed Var Model Results for Blob Gas Base Fee and Blob Gas Priority Fee
E. Rollup Transaction Dynamics
2.1 Rollup
Ethereum operates as a decentralized state machine where transactions, bundled into blocks, transition the state representing account balances and smart contract values. Achieving consensus on state changes among all network participants is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the blockchain [49].
Scalability remains a significant challenge for Ethereum, largely because every node must execute all transactions and reach consensus. In contrast to centralized systems like VISA, which handle over 2000 transactions per second[23], Ethereum manages about 15 transactions per second. This limitation restricts wider blockchain adoption [6].
Rollups address Ethereum’s scalability challenges by using a two-layer model: off-chain execution and on-chain settlement. In this model, transactions are processed off-chain and summarized back to a smart contract on the Ethereum mainnet. This method significantly reduces transaction fees and increases scalability by lessening the load on the base layer[42]. Additionally, because rollups post their results to the mainnet, they inherit the security properties
of Ethereum, ensuring that off-chain computations can be verified. The transaction workflow in rollups includes:
(1) Submission of transactions to the rollup chain, either directly or via a Layer 1 bridging smart contract.
(2) Execution of transactions in batches by rollup sequencers.
(3) Aggregation and reporting of the transaction results and updated state summaries by sequencers to their corresponding smart contracts on the Ethereum mainnet.
(4) On-chain verification of the state updates’ correctness on the Ethereum mainnet.
Rollups are classified into two types based on their verification methods on Ethereum: Optimistic and Validity rollups. Validity rollups, such as zk-rollups, submit transaction data along with a new state root and a validity proof—a concise proof confirming the accuracy of the new state root derived from the executed transactions. In contrast, Optimistic rollups publish only the transaction data and state root, assuming correctness unless challenged during a dispute period initiated by verifiers if inconsistencies in the posted state changes are detected [46].
Authors:
(1) Seongwan Park, this author contributed equally to the paper from Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ([email protected]);
(2) Bosul Mun, this author contributed equally to the paper from Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ([email protected]);
(3) Seungyun Lee, Seoul National University, Seoul, Repulic of Korea;
(4) Woojin Jeong, Seoul National University, Seoul, Repulic of Korea;
(5) Jaewook Lee, Seoul National University, Seoul, Repulic of Korea;
(6) Hyeonsang Eom, Seoul National University, Seoul, Repulic of Korea;
(7) Huisu Jang (Corresponding author), Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
This paper is
