Nervous about that bag of lettuce or block of cheese in your fridge? You probably look at the expiration date first. Whether you’re prepping dinner and questioning an ingredient’s freshness or clearing out your refrigerator before a trip, those printed dates seem like the obvious answer. But how reliable are they?
A recent survey found that US adults waste $1,500 yearly in groceries they think have gone bad. Expiration dates often create unnecessary stress and confusion, leading many to discard perfectly good food. These dates are intentionally conservative, meaning your food isn’t automatically spoiled once that date passes.
While you shouldn’t take excessive risks, most of us throw away far more food than necessary. This waste contributes to food scarcity and drives up costs for everyone.
If you want to prevent food waste — and keep more dollars in your pockets — you’ll want to better understand what these food expiration dates actually mean.
“I’ve seen statistics showing that consumers throw away up to $1,300 per year,” says Christopher Greco, CEO of Storewise, a software platform for independent grocers I spoke with about food expiration. In fact, Americans produce 325 pounds of food waste per person, per year. Much of that food waste can be blamed on tossing away food that may still be safe for consumption, but whose printed expiration date has passed.
Who decides food expiration dates?
Once the packaging seal is broken, best-by and expiration dates no longer apply.
“Expiration dates are an issue of quality and safety,” Greco says. On the one hand, producers and manufacturers want you to experience their products in the best possible condition for flavor and texture. On the other hand, they want to mitigate the risk of any possible food-borne illnesses.
Read more: How to Store and Preserve Fresh Herbs
Some products, like dairy products, have relatively short shelf lives, and expiration dates that are swiftly approaching when you bring them home from the store. Others, such as canned and preserved products, can stay on store shelves or in your pantry or fridge for quite some time, maybe even years.
There’s much nuance around food expiration
If the best-by date is several years ago, you’d be wise to send it packing.
There’s a lot of nuance in terms of quality and safety regarding the expiration date, especially for less shelf-stable products.
Greco walks us through various scenarios given a standard household product with a near-future expiration date, milk, where storage and transportation variables can impact its state, even after the expiration date has already been printed on the package. “You could have a different profile if that milk were dropped at the grocery store by the distributor, and it sat in the back unrefrigerated for even 20 or 30 minutes before it was put away,” he says. “If you bought that milk in South Florida, where it’s 100 degrees, and you drove 30 minutes home, that would have an impact on the quality as well.”
Best-by, use-by, sell-by and freeze-by dates
You’ll typically find the expiration dates for cans on the bottom.
Expiration dates may also be printed with different verbiage, which creates different considerations and may speak more to quality issues rather than safety. According to the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, these are the meanings behind the various labels:
- A “Best if Used By/Before” date indicates when a product will have the best flavor or quality. It is not a purchase or safety date.
- A “Sell-By” date tells the store how long to display the product for sale for inventory management. It is not a safety date.
- A “Use-By” date is the last date recommended for product use while at peak quality. It is not a safety date (except when used on infant formula).
- A “Freeze-By” date indicates when a product should be frozen to maintain peak quality. It is not a purchase or safety date.
Several factors contribute to how long food stays safe to eat including storage, packaging and environment.
These phrases can be helpful guidelines for the consumer, but it is important to note that, besides the case of infant formula, expiration dates are not required by federal law. As indicated above, none of these refers to a matter of safety where consumption is concerned. They might even confuse some consumers into believing their food has gone to waste, even when it hasn’t in fact. California recently enacted a law that will go into effect in July 2026, banning “sell-by” and “best before” labeling to reduce confusion and minimize food waste.
In short, you must rely on your senses, including common sense, to determine whether food is safe to consume.
Use common sense and examine your food items
Some foods take longer than you’d think to expire but others expire faster. OIive oil, for instance, does not stay fresh for more than a few months after opening.
“I think that a lot of consumers have a hard and fast rule when it comes to expiration dates, thinking that if it’s now the 28th or 29th, and something expired on the 27th, then they must throw it away,” says Greco, but that isn’t always, or even usually the case. “You should at least smell it, and maybe taste it, and it might still be good.”
On the other hand, it’s an important habit to get into anyway, since even before the expiration date has passed, you might have a suspicion that something has changed. Given a variety of transportation and storage scenarios, the expiration date can become meaningless and, as noted above, doesn’t reflect any federal regulation.
Some items are obviously spoiled when they exhibit signs of mold or decay, or when the smell becomes off-putting. (Even if it shows mold, you probably don’t need to throw your cheese away.) Items that have a natural preservative quality, such as cheese, pickled products or those with a high vinegar content, or other preserved products such as jam, are much more likely to become unpalatable to you or bland in flavor before they become unsafe.
Proper handling and storage can make a difference
How you store your food can impact how quickly it goes bad, and proper handling may make your grocery items last beyond the listed expiration date.
The USDA notes: “The quality of perishable products may deteriorate after the date passes; however, such products should still be safe if handled properly. Consumers must evaluate the quality of the product before its consumption to determine if the product shows signs of spoilage.” You can handle foods properly by putting them away as soon as you get home, knowing where the coldest zones in your fridge are, keeping different types of foods separated, using appropriate storage containers, and not overfilling them.
I bought this chicken on March 11, but the sell-by date wasn’t for another week.
Read more: Chicken Labels Are Confusing. Here’s What They Do (and Don’t) Mean
In-person shopping helps with expiration dates and food waste
Expired meat and seafood are more likely to cause problems than most other groceries.
Greco notes that our shopping habits also play a role in potentially throwing away unspoiled food. “Part of what also contributes to food waste is the lack of frequency in in-store shopping,” he says. While bulk buying can help save money on some products, trying to menu plan or stock up for weeks or months at a time, rather than just a few days, tends to result in having too much food on hand that may be hard to use before it actually starts to turn, regardless of its expiration date.
If you still feel compelled to toss items out of an excess of caution based on the expiration date, visiting your local grocer more often can help you better keep groceries in your fridge and money in your account.
Opt for composting over trashing expired foods
If you know you’re dealing with expired food — moldy, stale, discolored or curdled — you can always use a countertop composter to keep organic waste out of the dump. But before you trash it, brush up on some skills to help discern when food is and isn’t expired so you don’t discard perfectly good eats.
FAQs
What are the different dates on a food product for?
The best-by, use-by, sell-by and freeze-by dates are important markers to indicate peak quality or manage inventory, and consumers still gain a lot of value from them being printed on a product. But none of these dates indicate food spoilage, and it’s up to your common sense to decide when to throw something out.
Is a product always good past its expiration date?
No. While it’s worth testing each food product you own before tossing it out to prevent food waste, a product isn’t always good past its expiration date. In fact, a food item may still go bad even before the listed date on the container. Ultimately, it’s up to your common sense to decide whether a given food product is edible or if it should go in the garbage.
