Introduction
Creating distributed systems might need implementation of special retry mechanisms, state machines, dead letter queues, etc. Despite best practices in software design, unexpected issues may still arise in production systems, requiring manual intervention.
Temporal’s approach to workflow orchestration is different from other solutions by providing durability and state management as part of the system. It has been adopted by companies such as Netflix, NVIDIA, Snap, and Airwallex in their production systems. While it is essential to understand the advantages and disadvantages of Temporal prior to adoption, particularly when considering complexity, learning curve, and when a simpler solution might be better suited to a particular situation, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of Temporal versus other well-established approaches in the industry (Apache Airflow, AWS Step Functions, and Kafka) in order to help readers determine whether Temporal will meet their needs.
What is Temporal?
Temporal is an open-source workflow orchestration system allowing software developers to write fault-tolerant workflows with regular programming languages (Go, Java, Python, TypeScript, .NET).
A primary benefit of utilizing Temporal is its ability to maintain durable code; enabling a workflow to pause for days, weeks, months, etc., while the underlying infrastructure fails, and then resumes at the exact point in time it was paused. This is accomplished through the utilization of event-sourcing (i.e. each decision made by the system is captured as an immutable event).
A Basic Example
from temporalio import workflow
from datetime import timedelta
@workflow.defn
class OnboardingWorkflow:
@workflow.run
async def run(self, user_id: str) -> str:
# Send welcome email
await workflow.execute_activity(
send_welcome_email,
user_id,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(minutes=5),
)
# Wait 3 days (yes, really)
await workflow.sleep(timedelta(days=3))
# Send follow-up if they haven't activated
user = await workflow.execute_activity(
get_user,
user_id,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(seconds=30),
)
if not user.activated:
await workflow.execute_activity(
send_reminder_email,
user_id,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(minutes=5),
)
return "onboarding_complete"
This example highlights the advantages of using the Temporal system in achieving the core features of workflow orchestration. The 3-day sleep in the code works as expected, even in the face of infrastructure failure. When an activity fails within Temporal, it will automatically attempt to execute again based on the failure policy configured in the code, and all historical activity execution information is available via query within the Temporal UI.
However, the above simple example also contains some disadvantages, which we will discuss in the next section.
Where Temporal Excels
1. Long-Running, Stateful Workflows
Temporal really excels for workflows running over the course of hours, days, or weeks. Traditional cron jobs and the like struggle here because they’re inherently stateless, meaning each execution begins with a clean slate and requires external management of the state. Temporal manages the state internally.
Evidence: The case study by Netflix (December 2025) found Temporal cut their video encoding pipeline code by 60% compared to their own custom solution.
2. Multi-Step Transactions with Compensation
Temporal supports the SAGA pattern for financial systems:
@workflow.defn
class MoneyTransferWorkflow:
@workflow.run
async def run(self, amount: float, from_account: str, to_account: str):
# Debit source account
await workflow.execute_activity(
debit_account,
from_account,
amount,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(seconds=30),
)
try:
# Credit destination account
await workflow.execute_activity(
credit_account,
to_account,
amount,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(seconds=30),
)
except Exception:
# If credit fails, automatically refund
await workflow.execute_activity(
credit_account, # Refund the source
from_account,
amount,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(seconds=30),
)
raise
return "transfer_complete"
The SAGA pattern is a cleaner design than implementing compensating transactions manually.
3. AI Agent Orchestration
Temporal has found a great product-market fit with the emerging AI agent space. Multi-agent systems need to handle the hardest things in coordination over long periods of time, LLM API failures, and context.
@workflow.defn
class TradingAgentWorkflow:
@workflow.run
async def run(self) -> None:
# Market analysis agent runs every hour
while True:
market_data = await workflow.execute_activity(
fetch_market_data,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(minutes=5),
)
# AI agent analyzes data
decision = await workflow.execute_activity(
analyze_with_ai,
market_data,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(minutes=10),
)
# Execute trade if confidence is high
if decision.confidence > 0.8:
await workflow.execute_activity(
execute_trade,
decision,
start_to_close_timeout=timedelta(seconds=30),
)
# Sleep for an hour
await workflow.sleep(timedelta(hours=1))
Limitations and Trade-Offs
1. Operational Complexity
Temporal’s biggest drawback is operational complexity. Running Temporal requires:
- Temporal Server cluster (3-5 nodes for High Availability)
- Persistent database (PostgreSQL, MySQL or Cassandra)
- Elasticsearch cluster for visibility/search
- Worker infrastructure (your code)
- Monitoring/alerting setup
- Distributed systems operational expertise
Compare this to AWS Step Functions, which needs zero infrastructure work. You just write a JSON state machine and AWS handles everything else. AWS handles the rest.
Temporal Cloud provides a solution for those who do not wish to run infrastructure by using a fully-managed solution, although the cost will be $200-$2,000+/month depending on throughput.
2. Steep Learning Curve
Temporal’s programming model doesn’t match the typical request-response pattern most developers know. Teams often struggle with these concepts:
Determinism requirements: The workflow has to be deterministic. No direct API calls or random number generation is allowed. These have to be performed within an activity. Breaking this rule will result in failures during replays, which are difficult to debug.
Workflow versioning: When changing workflow logic and allowing old-running workflows to proceed, versioning has to be performed correctly. Messing up the versioning will break workflows that are already running.
Real-world impact: Most developers take 2-4 weeks before they’re comfortable with Temporal. With AWS Step Functions or Apache Airflow, you are usually productive in under a week.
3. Debugging Complexity
Debugging workflows is complex. When something fails, it requires an understanding of event history replays, worker logs, distributed infrastructure, correlation of activities across multiple services, and decoding of determinism violations. Although Temporal provides an interface with execution history, with complex workflows, there may be thousands of events, making it difficult to debug.
Comparison: Debugging microservices with distributed tracing tools such as Jaeger or Zipkin may be easier since it is similar to something developers are used to.
4. Performance Limitations
Temporal prioritizes durability over speed. Their documentation lists these performance caps:
- Workflow execution rate tops out around 1,000-2,000 per second per cluster
- Activities can handle 2,000-5,000 executions per second
- Workflow history hits performance problems after 50,000 events
This becomes a problem when you are handling thousands of events per second or need really fast response times. In those cases, go with message queues like Kafka or RabbitMQ instead.
5. Cost Structure
Total Cost of Ownership includes:
Self-hosted:
- Infrastructure: $500-$5,000+ per month (depending on scale)
- Engineering time: 20-40 hours/month for maintenance
- Expertise requirement: Senior level distributed systems knowledge
Temporal Cloud:
- Base: $200+ per month
- Additional throughput: $0.025 per action
- Costs are high at scale compared to self-hosted models
Comparison: With AWS Step Functions, you pay $0.025 per 1,000 state transitions. For typical workloads, that’s a lot cheaper.
Temporal vs. Alternatives: When to Choose What
Temporal vs. Apache Airflow
Airflow Advantages:
- Massive ecosystem with over 1,000 integrations
- Built for batch data pipelines
- Scheduling is stronger (cron, etc.)
- Easier to learn
- DAG visualization is more user-friendly
Temporal Advantages:
- Ideal for event-driven workflows
- Dealing with long-running tasks is more elegant
- No Python pickle serialization problems
- Failure recovery is more reliable
When to Choose Airflow: You are building data pipelines, ETL, batch-oriented scheduled work. Airflow is well understood in these domains with 8+ years of real-world usage.
When to Choose Temporal: You are building event-driven workflows, need complex state machines, or want workflows that survive infrastructure problems.
Temporal vs. AWS Step Functions
Step Functions Advantages:
- No operational overhead required
- Integration with other AWS services is deep
- Cost-effective for moderate workload sizes
- Faster time to production
- Error handling and timeouts are well supported
Temporal Advantages:
- Works anywhere, not just AWS (cloud-agnostic)
- Write workflows with real code, not JSON
- Complex business logic is supported well
- Activity timeouts and retries are more flexible
- Being open-source keeps you free from vendor lock-in
When to Choose Step Functions: You are on AWS already, want quick deployment, or prefer not dealing with infrastructure. JSON state machines feel limiting for complex stuff, but work fine for straightforward workflows.
When to Choose Temporal: You want to run anywhere, your workflow logic doesn’t fit well in JSON, or You are worried about getting locked into AWS.
Temporal vs. Kafka + Custom State Machines
Kafka Approach Strengths:
- Throughput goes way higher (over 100,000 messages/second)
- Response times stay low (under 10ms)
- Better suited for event streaming
- More mature platform overall
Temporal Approach Strengths:
- Don’t need to implement your own workflow orchestration
- State management is built-in
- Easier to reason about your workflow logic
- Better developer ergonomics overall
When to Use Each:
- Use Kafka when: You are streaming events, processing real-time data, or building event-sourced systems where you need to define the event schema.
- Use Temporal when: You want workflow orchestration without building the E2E system. Kafka provides you with the raw materials; Temporal gives you the complete package.
Critical Gaps and Missing Features
1. Limited Multi-Tenancy Support
Temporal has very basic Multi-tenancy support. Namespaces are provided, but resource isolation is not great. For a SaaS application supporting multiple tenants, you would often need multiple Temporal clusters, one per tenant. This creates significant operational overhead.
Competitor advantage: AWS Step Functions provides strong isolation per AWS account.
2. No Built-in Scheduling UI
Airflow comes with a scheduling UI. Temporal doesn’t. You’ll trigger workflows through code or command-line tools. If you need a scheduling UI, Airflow is recommended.
3. Limited Observability Integrations
Temporal exports metrics, but hooking them into your existing observability tools (Datadog, New Relic, Grafana) takes extra work. Airflow and Step Functions handle this better out of the box.
4. Workflow Update Limitations
Although updating running workflows is possible, this is very complex. Need to change workflow logic often (like updating business rules)? This gets painful fast.
When NOT to Use Temporal
Let’s be honest about when Temporal is the wrong choice:
- Simple CRUD APIs: Massive overkill. Use a normal web framework.
- Sub-second Latency: Each activity in Temporal adds 50-200ms of overhead. If you need responses faster than that, Temporal won’t be useful.
- High Frequency Event Handling: Processing more than 5,000 events per second? Kafka and Kinesis will serve you way better than Temporal.
- Limited DevOps Resources: Teams without access to infrastructure expertise will experience a tremendous operational burden to support Temporal.
- Greenfield Projects: Starting something new with unclear requirements? Begin with cron jobs or Step Functions. Move to Temporal only after you understand what complexity You are actually dealing with.
- Teams New to Distributed Systems: The learning curve is steep and the operational work is heavy. If distributed systems are new territory for your team, this might be too much too soon.
The Verdict: When Temporal Makes Sense
Temporal is an awesome tool that solves many problems in the area of distributed systems orchestration. However, it is not a silver bullet, and the hype often ignores many important limitations.
Temporal is suitable when:
- You are building complex, multi-step workflows with many hours, days, or weeks of runtime
- You need high durability and reliability
- You are an expert in distributed systems
- You are willing to invest time and resources in operations
- Alternatives like Airflow and Step Functions don’t meet your requirements
Temporal is NOT suitable when:
- You are building simple scheduled jobs (use cron jobs, Airflow, Cloud Scheduler instead)
- You need sub-second latency or very high throughput
- You lack operational expertise and can’t afford Temporal Cloud
- Your team is small and needs to move quickly
- Your workflows are simple enough for AWS Step Functions
The ecosystem is growing quickly, documentation is improving, and Temporal Cloud relieves operational burden. Yet, teams should approach the use of Temporal with their eyes open to the benefits and the costs.
