This handout picture from NASA shows Earth as it dips beyond the lunar horizon, as seen from the Orion spacecraft that is shuttling Artemis II astronauts on a historic mission around the Moon Copyright NASA/AFP Handout
The successful completion of NASA’s Artemis II mission saw four astronauts on a 10day journey to fly above the dark side of the moon and return to Earth, the first crewed expedition to the moon since Apollo 17 in 1972. The Orion capsule’s journey served as a test run for future lunar missions.
Virginia Tech aerospace engineer Samantha Parry Kenyon designs and builds sensors for satellites intended to last in the harsh environment of space. “More Artemis missions may come as we move toward a sustained human presence on the moon,” she says in a message sent to . “To make that happen, understanding communication systems and satellite technology in deep space is imperative.”
Kenyon answers some key questions about Artemis II.
What are the mission’s main goals?
Kenyon: Artemis II will test the life support systems of the Orion capsule and will take the astronauts on a trajectory from Earth, around the moon, and land the astronauts back on Earth. The Orion capsule is also being piloted for a series of orbital manoeuvres to test Orion’s handling capabilities while orbiting Earth, before it begins its journey to the moon.
What does it take to build a craft that can travel that far in space?
Kenyon: It takes more energy to get to the moon as compared to lowearth orbit, which is where the International Space Station is located and where NASA has been sending astronauts for the past 25 years. The rocket power required to perform the manoeuvres to get to and from the moon is not trivial, which means all the engine fuel for those future manoeuvres has to be brought up to space. Thus, the initial rocket to get off the Earth’s surface has to have the capacity to lift much more mass.
What distance record is Artemis II expected to break?
Kenyon: It just so happens that the freereturn trajectory takes the astronauts a bit farther away from the moon in altitude than the Apollo mission trajectories. Although it’s technically going farther than Apolloera missions, that’s not the objective of the mission.
Why is flying to the moon so challenging?
Kenyon: As you get farther from the Earth, you not only have the Earth’s gravitational force to contend with, but also the moon. Both gravitational forces create complicated orbits in what is known as the threebody problem — in this case, Earth, moon, and spacecraft. Adding astronauts also includes a layer of challenge, because they must return home, meaning the spacecraft has to decelerate and enter Earth’s atmosphere at safe speeds.
The environment of space is harsh and complex. Not only do you have the complicated motion of gravity due to massive objects like the Earth, moon, and sun, but you also have extreme heat from the sun and extreme cold in space. Additionally, you have space radiation — highly energetic particles coming from the sun and distant galaxies that degrade electronics and can harm astronauts over time. Understanding how to build satellites to survive the space environment and testing them on the ground is some of the work I do at Virginia Tech.
What’s an especially fascinating scientific aspect of this mission?
Kenyon: Humans have rarely observed the moon’s dark side because the moon is tidally locked with the Earth, meaning we always see the same 50 percent of it from Earth. Lunar scientists are excited to get these live, humaneye observations of the dark side of the moon, especially without the brightness of the sun, since the sun will be eclipsed by the moon during the Artemis II flyby.
